Long Essays
QUESTIONS:
1. Define and classify antibiotics. Explain SAR and Mechanism of action of Beta lactum antibiotics
2. Describe the degradation of pencillins. Explain about development of acid resistant penicillins
3. What are antibiotics? Discusss the SAR & MOA of tetracyclines
4. What are beta lactum antibiotics? Give the degradation products of pencillins. Write a note on beta lactamase inhibitors.
5. What are Beta lactum antibiotics? Give the degradation products of penicillins. Outline the synthesis of chloramphenicol.
6. Define antibiotics? Classify them with examples. Discuss the chemistry and mechanism of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics
7. Define antibiotics? Classify them with examples. Write the chemistry & MOA of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
8. Define antibiotics? Classify cephalosporins with examples. Write the structure and uses any two cephalosporins. Discuss the MOA and therapeutic uses of Macrolide antibiotics.
9. Define antibiotics? Write a note on Beta lactamase inhibitors. Explain the SAR & MOA of tetracyclines.
10. A) Define and classify antibiotics.
B) Discuss bacterial resistance? Write a note on beta lactamase inhibitors?
11. a) What are antibiotics? Classify them with examples and discuss the MOA and therapeutic uses of penicillin’s.
b) Discuss the chemistry of streptomycin.
12. a) Describe how molecular modification of penicillin molecule leads to the development of orally effective pencillins. Give the structures of any three such drugs.
b) Discuss the SAR of tetracyclines.
13. a) Write short notes on pencillinase resistant oral penicillins.
b) Give an account of chemistry and stability of penicillin molecule.
14. Write the structure and uses of any three drugs from each class of cephalosporins and tetracyclines. Discuss in detail SAR of tetracyclines.
15. What are antibiotics? Classify them with examples, explain the chemical degradation. Write the structure and specific uses of chlorophenicol.
16. Classify antihypertensive agents? Explain the MOA of ACE inhibitors. Write the synthesis and uses of warfarin.
17. What are antiarrhythmic drugs? Classify them with examples. Write structure and uses of verapamil, phenytoin and propranolol.
18. Classify antihypertensive agents? Discuss the MOA of calcium channels blockers & beta blockers with examples. Write the synthesis of propronolol.
19. Classify anti-arrhythmic and antihypertensive agents? Explain the MOA of angiotensin receptor blockers. Write the structure and uses of Losartan.
20. What are calcium channel blockers? Describe their effect on cardiovascular system. Write the synthesis of Warfarin.
21. Classify antihypertensive agents? Write a note on antianginal agents? Give the structure and uses of any two nitro vasodilators.
22. Classify antiarrhythmic agents? Explain the MOA of antihyperlipidemic agents? Write the structure and uses of atorvastatin and lovastatin.
23. What are cardiovascular drugs? Classify them with examples. Give the synthesis of Warfarin.
24. Write any two structure and uses of the following
i) Calcium channel blocker ii) ACE Inhibitor iii) Beta blocker
IV) Antianginal agents v) Antihyperlipidemic agents.
25. Write the structure and specific uses of
i) Isosorbide dinirate ii) Verapamil iii) Propronolol iv) Captopril
V) Clofibrate.
26. What is primary hypertension? Describe the role of renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. What are the important recently used antihypertensive agents?
27. What is essential hypertension? Classify antihypertensive drugs with examples. Outline the synthesis of 1) Propronolol 2) Nifedepine.
28. What are antiarrhythmic drugs? Write the classification by giving at least one structure for each class of antiarrythmic drugs. Give the synthesis of Procainamide.
29. Classify antihypertensive agents. Explain the following with suitable examples
a) Calcium Channels and their blockers. (b) Beta blockers.
30. Classify cardiovascular agents with examples. Write an account on calcium channel blockers. Give the synthesis of Diltiazem.
31.Outline the synthesis of any one beta-blocker. Write the structure and uses for the followings:
a) Reserpine b) Nifedipine c) Clofibrate d) Isosorbide dinitrate.
Modern concept of rational drug design:
QUESTIONS:
1. Give the structures of two carrier linked prodrugs.
2. What is prodrug? Give examples.
3. Define prodrug with one example.
4. Write the structure of one prodrug and its active metabolites.
5. Mention the electronic parameters used in QSAR studies.
6. Mention the steric parameters used in QSAR.
7. What are lead molecules? How are they useful in drug discovery.
8. Enumerate the applications of QSAR.
9. What is CADD? Enlist the applications.
10. Define combinatorial chemistry. Enlist its applications.
Cardiovascular agents
QUESTIONS:
1. What are CVS drugs? Mention different types with suitable examples.
2. Define and classify lipid lowering agents. Explain the MOA of of HMG coA reductase inhibitors.
3. Define and classify anti arrhythmic agents with examples.
4. Discuss briefly about antianginal agents.
5. What are anti arrhythmic agents? Outline the synthesis of Procainamide.
6. Give the Chemical name, structure and specific uses of Isosorbide dinitrite, Captopril.
7. Classify antiarrhythmic agents with examples.
8. What are antianginal drugs? Give examples.
9. Give three chemical structures and uses of drugs belonging to Antihyperlipidemic agents.
10. Classify antiarrhythmic agents with examples. Write the MOA and therapeutic uses of Verapamil.
11. Classify antihypertensive agents with examples. Write the synthesis of Diltiazem.
12. Give the structure and uses of the following a) Captopril b) Methyldopa c)Phenytoin.
13. What are antiarrhythmic agents. Outline the synthesis of Procainamide.
14. Write the briefly about the chemistry and MOA of anticoagulants.
15. Outline the synthesis and mode of action of any one beta blocker.
16. Discuss mode of action of Antihyperlipidemic agents with examples.
17. What are antihypertensive agents. Classify them with examples.
18. Give an account of antihyperlipedimic agents including their structure and their specific uses.
19. Give the synthesis and uses of Warfarin and Propronolol.
20. Write a note on antihyperlipedimic agents.
21. Give an account on membrane depressant drugs as antiarrthymic agents.
22. Write a note on antianginal agents.
23. Explain the MOA of ACE inhibitors. Write the structure and uses of Captopril and Enalapril.
24. Give the synthesis and uses of a) Propronolol b) Warfarin.
25. Give the synthesis and uses of a) Nifedipine b) Warfarin.
26. Give the synthesis and uses of a) Nifedipine b) Propronolol.
27. Give the synthesis and uses of a) Procainamide b) Warfarin.
Anti-infective agents
QUESTIONS:
1. Write a note on urinary tract anti-infectives. Outline the synthesis of ciprofloxacin.
2. Add a note on synthetic antifungal agents. Give the synthesis of tolnaftate.
3. Name any four antiamoebic drugs. Give the synthesis of metronidazole.
4. What are anthelmintics? Write the synthesis of thiabendazole and albendazole
5. What are antifungal antibiotics? Explain their mechanism of action.
6. What are antitubercular agents? Write short notes on combination therapy for tuberculosis
7. Classify viral diseases and enumerate the drugs used in the therapy. Explain their mode of action. Give the structural and medicinal uses of zidovudine.
8. Classify antiviral agents? Give the structure and uses of Amantadine, Acyclovir
9. Give examples of drugs that act as DNA polymerase inhibitors. Describe their chemistry and therapeutic uses.
10. Give examples, MOA and clinical uses of Reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
11. Enumerate various classes of antiviral chemotherapeutic agents. Explain the MOA Idoxuridine
12. What are anti TB drugs ? Enlist the problems associated with the treatment. Give the structure of Para amino salicylic acid and INH
13. What are antiviral drugs? Classify them with suitable examples.
14. Write concept of multi drug therapy for mycobactrial infections.
15. What is multi drug resistant TB? How it is treated
16. Classify anti- TB agents? Write the structure of any two antitubercular drugs.
17. Write the structure and uses of p-amino salicylic acid, Isoniazid , Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide
18. Discuss the chemistry of Quinolones? Write the synthesis of Nitrofurantoin.
19. Give the examples of substituted Imidazoles as antifungal agents? Give the synthesis of Miconazole
20. Name any four antiameobic agents? Give the synthesis of Metronidazole
21. Write a note on Polyene antibiotics as antifungal agents
22. Name any four synthetic antifungal agents. Outline the synthesis of Miconazole
23. Classify antifungal agents with examples? Write the synthesis of Tolnaftate
24. Classify Antiameobic agents with examples. Give the synthesis of Metronidazole
25. Classfiy anthelmintics with examples. Give the synthesis of Albendazole
26. Classfiy antitubercular agents with examples. Write the management of tuberculosis
27. Write the structure and therapeutic uses of any four antiviral agents
28. Classify Antiprotozoal agents giving one example with structure under each class.
Sulfonamides agents
QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the SAR of sulfonamides.
2. Comment on combination therapy of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole.
3. Give the mechanism of action of sulphonamides. Write the structure and uses of phthalyl sulphathiazole and sulphadiazine.
4. Add a note on folate reductase inhibitors. Explain the synergestic action of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim.
5. Write the synthesis of sulfisoxazole and trimethoprim.
6. What is crystalluria? How it could be prevented.
7. Discuss the current status of sulfa drugs in the chemotherapy of bacterial infections.
8. Discuss the role of pKa in the designing of newer sulfonamides with examples.
9. Explain the MOA of sulfonamides? Write the structure and uses of sulfapyradine and sulfacetamide.
10. Classify sulfonamides based on the duration of action? Give the synthesis of Dapsone.
11. Classify sulfonamides based on site of action? Give the synthesis of Trimethoprim.
12. Explain the SAR of sulfonamides? Give the synthesis of Dapsone.
Antimalarials agents
QUESTIONS:
1. Write the SAR of quinoline analogues of antimalarials.
2. Classify antimalarial agents with suitable examples. Outline the synthesis of Chloroquine.
3. What are antimalarial drugs? Explain the life cycle of malaria.
4. Write the SAR of i) 8-amino quinolines ii) 4-amino quinolones.
5. Give the MOA and synthesis of chloroquine phosphate.
6. How malaria is caused? Classify antimalarial agents?
7. Write a note on the use of artemesinin and its derivatives as antimalarial drugs.
8. Give an account of antimalarial drugs covering the life history and clinical symptoms of parasite.
9. Describe in detail the status of natural products useful in the treatment of human malarial infections.
10. Outline the synthesis of Chloroquine and Pyrimethamine.
11. Outline the synthesis of Trimethoprim and pyrimethamine.
Antineoplastic agents
QUESTIONS:
1. What are antineoplastic agents? Discuss the mechanism of action of alkylating agents.
2. Classify Alkylating agents with examples. Outline the synthesis of chlorambucil.
3. Discuss the MOA, structure and uses of mercapto purine and busulfan.
4. Give the structure, MOA and therapeutic uses of chlorambucil.
5. What are anticancer drugs? Give the mechanism of action of antimetabolites.
6. Write a note on plant products and hormones used as anticancer agents.
7. Write the synthesis of chlorambucil and methotrexate.
8. Outline the synthesis, MOA and uses of 1) Methotrexate 2) 5-Fluorouracil.
9. What are antineoplastic agents? Classify them with examples.
10. Discuss the MOA of alkylating agents. Write the synthesis of Cyclophosphamide.
11. Write a note on Antimetabolites used in the treatment of cancer.
12. Classify Alkylating agents with structural examples. Outline the synthesis of chlorambucil.
Antihypertensive agents
QUESTIONS:
1. Write the structure uses of propronolol.
2. Write the structure and uses of amiodarone and diltiazem.
3. What are ACE inhibitors? Give two examples.
4. Name any two calcium channel blockers with their uses.
5. Write the structure and uses of minoxidil.
6. Write the structure and uses of felodepine.
7. Write the structure and uses of Nifedipine.
8. Give the structure and uses of Isosorbide dinitrate.
9. What are vasodilators, give examples.
10. Write the structure and uses of captopril.
11. Give the structure and uses of Propronolol and phenytoin.
12. Chemical structure and specific uses of Amyl nitrate.
13. Write the synthesis of Warfarin.
14. Name any two anticoagulants with their mechanism of action.
15. Write the structure and specific uses of quinidine.
16. Write the structure and uses of alpha1 antagonist.
17. Write the structure and uses of alpha2 agonist.
18. Write the structure and uses of any two beta blockers.
19. What is the use of Angiotensin receptor blockers, Give one structure and use.
20. Write the MOA of antianginal agents.
21. Write the structure of any two anti hyperlipidemic agents.
22. What are antihyperlipidimic agents? Write the structure of Atorvastatin
23. What are antihyperlipidimic agents? Write the structure of Lovastatin.
24. Write the structure and uses of Phenindione.
25. Write the structure and uses of dicoumorol.
26. What are antianginal agents give examples.
Hypoglycemic agents
QUESTIONS:
1. Give the synthesis of chlorpropamide.
2. Give the structure and uses of Meglitinide.
3. Write the structure and uses of Pioglitazone.
4. Write the structure and uses of Rosiglitazone.
5. Define diabetes? Name any two drugs used in the treatment of diabetes.
6. Define Hyperglycemia? Name any two biguanides used in the treatment of diabetes.
7. Define hypoglycemia? Name any two sulfonyl urea derivatives.
8. Mention the uses of Insulin and its derivatives.
9. Give the MOA of Biguanides.
10. Give the MOA of sulphonylureas.
11. Give the MOA of Meglitinide.
12. Write the structure and uses of Glibenclamide.
13. Write the structure and uses of Metformin.
14. Write the structure and uses of Phenformin.
15. Write the symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
16. Name any four drugs used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes.
17. Give the MOA of Rosiglitazone.
18. Give the MOA of Anagliptin.
19. Write the structure and uses of glipizide.
20. Give two drug names of thiazolidinediones used as hypoglycemic agents.
Diuretics
QUESTIONS:
1. Write the structure and uses of Amiloride.
2. Structure and uses of triampterene.
3. What are high ceiling diuretics? Give examples.
4. Synthesis of furosemide.
5. Structure and uses of furosemide.
6. Synthesis of ethacrynic acid.
7. Structure and uses of ethacrynic acid.
8. Mechanism of acetazolamide.
9. Structure and uses of acetazolamide.
10. What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors give examples.
11. Write the structure and uses of spironolactone.
12. Write the structure and uses of hydrochlorothiazide.
13. Write the structure and uses of Benzthiazide.
14. What are potassium sparing diuretics give examples.
15. Give the structure and use of any one aldosterone antagonists.
16. MOA of thiazide diuretics.
17. How does carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acts as diuretics? Give examples.
18. What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors give examples.
19. What are loop diuretics? Give examples.
20. Give the MOA of mercurials.
21. Give the MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Thyroid and Anti thyroid
QUESTIONS:
1. What are hormones? How are they classified chemically? Name any two hormones secreted by thyroid gland.
2. Define hormones. Why they are transported through blood in combination with certain fractions of protein.
3. Define hormones and classify them on the basis of source
4. What are antithyroid drugs? Why are they called goitrogens?
5. Classify antithyroid drugs with examples
6. Write the structure of any two antithyroid drugs
7. Write the structure and uses of thyroid hormones.
8. Write any two structures of imidazole derivatives used as antithyroids.
9. Write any two structures of thiouracil derivatives used as antithyroids.
10. What are ionic inhibitors? Give examples.
Diagnostic agents
QUESTIONS:
1. What are diagnostic agents? Classify them with examples.
2. What are diagnostic agents? Give a brief account of radio opaques.
3. Give the structure and uses of 1) Propyl iodine 2) Indigotin disulfonate 3) Evans blue.
4. Name any two drugs used for examination of Gall bladder.
5. Name any two drugs used for examination of Gastric function.
6. Name any two drugs used for examination of Liver function.
7. Name any two drugs used for examination of ophthalmic diagnostic aid.
8. Name any two drugs used for examination of pancreatic function.
9. Name any two drugs used for examination of Kidney function.
10. Name any two drugs used for examination of Lymphatic system.
11. Name any two dyes used as diagnostic agents.
12. Name the drug used for examination of Drug-hyper sensitivity.
13. Name any two drugs used in X- ray contrast media.
14. Name any two drugs used for examination of Angiography and Urogrphy.
15. Name any two drugs used for examination of Cholecystography.
16. Name any two drugs used for examination of Mylography.
17. Name any two drugs used for examination of Kidney function.
Steroids
QUESTIONS:
1. What are steroids? Name any one drug containing Estrane nuclei.
2. What are adrenocarticoids? Give example.
3. What are sex hormones? Give example.
4. What are steroidal drugs? Name any two steroidal drugs with their uses.
5. Classify steroidal drugs with examples.
6. Write any steroidal drugs and their uses.
7. Write the structure and uses of estrogen and Progesterone.
8. What are steroids? Name any one drug containing androstane nuclei.
9. What are steroids? Name any one drug containing Pregnane nuclei.
The following model questions are for the guidance of the candidates and academicians appearing and conducting PharmD exams. The question papers only serve the educational purpose of self evaluation and revision after the respective topic is read and understood. Hope you make the best use of them.